Definition of foundation: The foundation can be defined as follow : Any structure is segregated into 2 parts: 1. Superstructure: It is the portion of structure located over Ground level (GL) 2. Substructure/ Foundation: It is the portion of structure under GL Constituents of foundation: Generally there are 3 constituents of foundation: (i) Footing, (ii) […]

Flexible Pavement A flexible pavement structure is typically composed of several layers of material with better quality materials on top where the intensity of stress from traffic loads is high and lower quality materials at the bottom where the stress intensity is low. Flexible pavements can be analyzed as a multilayer system under loading. A […]

Foundation consisting of flexible and rigid spread footings (no connecting beams) Foundation generally includes the footings and the pedestals. The simplest type of foundation is the spread foundation (pad foundation) i.e. isolated column footings. As a rule, spread footings consist only of a box and they are usually called flexible. Sometimes they may have a […]

General practice is to check when the footings are ready for concreting i.e. reinforcement is entirely tied up. However, the ideal practice would be to check it in two phase. 01. Check Formwork as well as soil strata Before you allow placing of reinforcement, check the formwork and soil strata. It is necessary as certain […]

This construction video will provide step-by-step instructions on how to estimate cutting length of rectangular stirrups. In this video, the solution is given for the following problem :- The sample drawing of a beam is presented with X = 300 mm and Y = 400 mm. Dia of stirrup = ϕ 8 mm Clear Cover […]

A bridge refers to a structure that is developed to extent over physical obstacles as well as provide passage for the road, railway, pedestrians, a canal or a pipeline. The obstacles to be spanned may belong to a river, a road, railway or a valley. Designs of bridges are based on the function of the […]

Grillage Foundation design is mostly suitable for heavy structural loads from columns, piers or beams which are essential to transmit bearing capacity of a soil relatively inferior. The grillage foundation can easily disperse the load over a broad area of the subsoil. This foundation facilitates to resist deep excavations because the required base area is […]

The video briefly explains fundamental principles of punching shear. Punching shear stands for a type of failure of reinforced concrete slabs that happens owning to extreme localized forces. In flat slab structures It happens at column support points. The failure occurs because of shear. Perfect assumption of punching shear strength is a vital factor and […]

Soil nail walls consists of installing passive reinforcement (i.e., no post-tensioning) in existing ground by installing closely spaced steel bars or sections (i.e., nails) and placing a front face support. Soil nails are later grouted if they are installed in drilled holes. Ungrouted soil nails are also possible if nails (or steel sections) are driven […]